June Weekly Quiz

PFO allows paradoxical emboli to bypass the lungs and reach the brain.

Tracheostomy and prolonged hospital stay predispose to Pseudomonas.

Estrogen-containing medications increase coagulability, predisposing to PE.

Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor.

Due to portal hypertension, abdominal wall veins become engorged.

Milk may initially soothe symptoms, though fat content in some milk products can still worsen reflux.

Atypical pneumonia presents with a dry cough, headache, and myalgia.

Unilateral swelling after immobilization is suspicious for DVT.

Sinus arrest is a prolonged pause with no P waves or associated QRS.

GERD occurs due to decreased tone or inappropriate relaxation of the LES.

Anti-HBc IgM is the only marker during the window phase.

Persistence of HBsAg beyond 6 months defines chronic hepatitis B.

Chronic venous stasis may cause darkening due to hemosiderin deposition.

Cirrhosis involves irreversible replacement of hepatocytes with fibrous tissue.

Perinatal transmission is common in high-prevalence areas.

Complete heart block requires pacing due to risk of sudden cardiac death.

Virchow’s triad includes stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability.

Subdural hematoma is not an ischemic process and doesn’t cause TIA.

Typical pathogens include S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis.

Verapamil slows AV conduction, worsening pre-excited AF and risking VF.

AF shows chaotic atrial activity and variable ventricular response.

Mycoplasma causes “walking pneumonia” in young adults.

Broca’s area (left inferior frontal gyrus) controls speech production.

HBsAg is the earliest marker of acute infection.

Most emboli originate from deep veins in the lower limbs (DVT).

Adenosine transiently blocks AV node and terminates AVNRT.

Wilson’s disease is an autosomal recessive condition causing copper buildup.

Elevated progesterone during pregnancy relaxes the LES and delays gastric emptying.

Venous stasis is a major factor in Virchow’s triad for thrombosis.

NSAIDs can irritate the esophageal lining and contribute to reflux symptoms.

TIA is a transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by ischemia, without infarction.

Asterixis is a flapping tremor indicating metabolic encephalopathy.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage results from bleeding into the subarachnoid space.

Factor V Leiden is a common genetic cause of hypercoagulability.

About 85% of strokes are ischemic, resulting from obstruction of blood flow.

Klebsiella is associated with aspiration and produces “currant jelly” sputum.

May-Thurner syndrome causes left iliac vein compression, increasing DVT risk.

Mobitz I (Wenckebach) shows grouped beating with progressively longer PR intervals.

Liver failure reduces estrogen breakdown, causing feminization.

Stellate cells produce collagen when activated in chronic liver injury.

Biliary atresia is the leading cause of pediatric liver transplantation.

GERD occurs due to decreased tone or inappropriate relaxation of the LES.

Increased vagal tone is the most common benign cause of sinus bradycardia, especially in athletes.

Long flights can lead to stasis and DVT, increasing PE risk.

Damage to the occipital cortex or optic tract causes homonymous hemianopia.

Acute pancreatitis affects the pancreas, not the liver.

Increased hydrostatic pressure and low oncotic pressure promote fluid accumulation.

Hemoptysis is a symptom of PE, not DVT directly.

HAP develops ≥48 hours after admission, unrelated to initial infection.

Smoking contributes to hypercoagulability and endothelial dysfunction.

Classic atrial flutter has a sawtooth pattern with ~300 bpm atrial rate.

Pancreatic and gastric cancers are highly thrombogenic.

ACA supplies the medial portion of the frontal lobe (leg area of motor cortex).

Both anti-HBc and anti-HBs show natural immunity after resolved infection.

TIA increases risk of future stroke, especially within 48 hours.

Atrial fibrillation can cause thrombi in the atria, which may embolize to the brain.

Most TIAs are caused by emboli from atherosclerotic plaques in large arteries.

Atrial fibrillation increases risk of thromboembolism to the brain.

TIA resolves without infarction, typically within minutes to hours.

HBeAg is associated with high infectivity and active replication.

Thrombus triggers local inflammation causing pain and tenderness.

Homan’s sign (pain on dorsiflexion) is unreliable for diagnosis.

TIAs are more common in middle-aged and elderly adults.

MAT is a chaotic atrial rhythm commonly triggered by hypoxia in COPD.

DVT classically presents with unilateral leg swelling.

Fibrosis increases resistance to portal blood flow, leading to portal hypertension.

Lacunar strokes affect small, deep penetrating vessels and often occur in the basal ganglia, pons, or internal capsule.

Effective esophageal clearance reduces acid exposure time.

Encephalopathy reflects advanced liver dysfunction.

Alcoholic liver disease typically shows small uniform nodules.

Pseudomonas and other gram-negative organisms are common in HAP.

Hypothyroidism is not a significant stroke or TIA risk factor.

Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor for stroke.

Symptoms resolve within 24 hours, usually within minutes to hours.

Secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza is often due to S. aureus.

Altered mental status reflects hepatic encephalopathy.

Strokes in the vertebrobasilar system affect the brainstem and cerebellum.

Tenofovir is safe in pregnancy and reduces vertical transmission.

Ascitic fluid compresses the stomach, limiting meal size.

Bruising is not a typical DVT sign; it suggests bleeding.

A hiatal hernia compromises the LES’s function, allowing acid to reflux into the esophagus.

Major orthopedic surgeries like hip and knee replacement are high risk for DVT/PE.

Alcohol decreases LES pressure and promotes acid reflux.

It is a severe, limb-threatening form of DVT with cyanosis and ischemia.

Neurological deficits impair swallowing, leading to aspiration.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of CAP globally.

Obesity increases intra-abdominal pressure, promoting reflux.

Swelling is the most consistent symptom in DVT.

Chronicity is confirmed if HBsAg persists for more than 6 months.

Jaundice reflects impaired bilirubin metabolism in liver failure.

Estrogen buildup due to liver dysfunction causes vascular changes.

Iron overload from hemochromatosis causes liver damage and high ferritin levels.

The liver produces clotting factors; a prolonged INR reflects reduced synthesis.

Anti-HBs presence indicates immunity due to past infection or vaccination.

Smoking reduces LES tone and saliva production, increasing acid exposure.

The risk of PE is highest immediately postpartum due to hormonal and hemodynamic changes.

Atropine is the first-line drug in symptomatic bradycardia to increase heart rate.

Hepatitis C is the most common cause globally, though alcohol and NAFLD are leading in many regions.

GERD is common in middle-aged adults due to lifestyle and anatomical changes.

Delta waves signify pre-excitation through an accessory pathway.