GMDC MAY MOCK 1

“Leuko-” refers to wbc; “-penia” refers to abnormally low, or lack of.

Serum is made of blood plasma without fibrinogen and prothrombin.

Plasma is the liquid portion of blood.

The main component of erythrocytes is hemoglobin.

Neutrophils are the most common wbc and have a large multilobed nucleus.

The majority of plasma proteins are synthesized and secreted by the liver. Specifically, it produces proteins like albumin, which is crucial for maintaining osmotic pressure and transporting various substances. While the liver is the primary producer, B-lymphocytes also contribute by creating immunoglobulins (antibodies).

rbc are erythrocytes (erythroid means red)

Thrombocytopenia is a low platelet count.

The correct order of hemostasis events is vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation.

Plasma is blood without the “formed elements”

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that plays a crucial role in the immune system, helping the body fight off infections and diseases. They are produced in the bone marrow and circulate throughout the body in blood and lymphatic tissues. Lymphocytes are broadly categorized into B cells and T cells, each with distinct functions in immune defense.

About one third of the mass of a rbc is haemoglobin.Other choices are plasma proteins and are not in rbc.

A group of inherited clotting disorders called hemophilias are due to a deficiency of clotting factors. Hemophilia is a genetic bleeding disorder where blood clots do not form properly due to a lack or dysfunction of specific clotting factors. This can lead to excessive or prolonged bleeding after an injury, spontaneous bleeding, and an increased risk of bleeding into joints or the brain.

Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells.

Individuals with type AB+ blood would have no anti-A, anti-B, or anti-Rh antibodies in their plasma.

Erythropoietin is predominately produced by the kidneys.

Uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells is called leukemia.

The second step is the formation of thrombin from prothrombin (first step is formation of prothrombinase (=prothrombin activator)).

Neutrophils (also called polymorphonuclear leucocytes) constitute between 50 and 70 percent of wbc.

A person with Type O blood can safely receive blood from a person with Type O.

Plasma proteins exist in the plasma but not in the interstitial fluid. Hence their osmotic influence draws water into the blood. Haemoglobin which is not a “plasma protein” transports oxygen.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs due to Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus. More specifically this can occur when the mother is Rh negative and the baby is Rh positive.

Neutrophils are the white blood cells that are typically the first to respond to an infection. They are part of the body's innate immune system and are the most abundant type of white blood cell, often described as the first line of defense against infection

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone primarily produced by the kidneys that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells.

Plasma proteins are responsible for colloid osmotic pressure. Serum does not include clotting factors – since fibrinogen is a clotting factor and a plasma protein, the other choice is incorrect.

Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin.

Clumping of red blood cells is called agglutination.

About 58 percent of plasma proteins are albumins. Haemoglobin is a protein but it is contained within the rbc.

AB is the universal recipient. It has no antibodies against A and B.

A person with blood type B has anti-A agglutinins in their plasma so cannot receive cells with the A antigen on the rbc. Hence the blood types in other choices are not suitable.

The formed elements (blood cells and platelets) are produced continuously in the red bone marrow.

Type A blood means that the A antigen is on the red blood cells. They also have antibody B (= agglutinin B) in their plasma. An agglutinogen is an antigen that stimulates production of agglutinin, hence antigen A is also known as agglutinogen A

The primary blood cell involved in blood clotting is the platelet (also called a thrombocyte). Platelets are small

Red blood cells that have neither type A nor B antigens are type O blood cells.

Hemorrhagic bleeding disorders can result from a deficiency of vitamin K. Specifically, vitamin K deficiency leads to a decrease in the production of certain clotting factors, which are essential for blood clotting. This can result in increased bleeding and bruising. In newborns, this deficiency can manifest as "hemorrhagic disease of the newborn," also known as Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB).

Blood group A is named for having the A antigen on the rbc.

Less than 1 percent of wbc are basophils. Neutrophils are the most common. Thrombocytes are not wbc

Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are tiny, disc-shaped cell fragments in your blood that play a crucial role in preventing bleeding. They are produced in the bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream, ready to respond to injuries. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets are activated and clump together to form a clot, effectively stopping the bleeding. All the above contribute to coagulation. Platelets do not release phospholipids and hence incorrect.

Monocytes and macrophages are both types of white blood cells, but they have distinct roles in the immune system. Monocytes are circulating white blood cells that can differentiate into macrophages, which are specialized cells found in tissues. Both play crucial roles in inflammation, immune response, and tissue homeostasis, but macrophages are primarily responsible for tissue repair and clearing cellular debris.

Neutrophils do have a nucleus but don’t have haemoglobin. Eosinophils are a type of wbc as are neutrophils but they are not the same.

Red blood cells contain much haemoglobin which binds to oxygen to it transport to the tissues.

Rh factor, Rh positive and Rh negative refer to the D antigen only. If the antigen is present on your rbc, you are called Rh-positive (you have the Rh factor).

The three types of formed elements are erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.

Osteocytes are bone cells. Osteocytes regulate bone formation through a number of interacting signalling pathways. Osteocytes regulate bone resorption through controlling osteoclast activity and directly through perilacunar remodelling.

The three classes of plasma proteins are albumins, fibrinogen and globulins.

People with ABpositive blood do not have agglutinins (antibodies) against A, B, or D in their plasma. Hence can receive any blood without causing the rbc in the donated blood to clump

Prothombinase is the enzyme that converts prothrombin to thrombin (it does not come from platelets).

Plasma proteins (also called "colloids") produce colloid osmotic pressure. There should be no proteins in the interstitial fluid.

Calcium is the mineral essential for blood coagulation. It plays a crucial role in the activation of clotting factors, which are necessary for forming a blood clot to stop bleeding. Calcium ions are required for the proper functioning of the clotting cascade, a series of reactions that lead to the formation of a stable blood clot.

Megakaryocytes break up into fragments called platelets.

Platelets start the process of blood clotting.

Hematocrit is a blood test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in your blood volume. It's also known as packed cell volume (PCV). Normal hematocrit levels vary by age and sex, but for adults, the normal range is generally 40-50 percent for males and 36-44 percent for females.

If the recipient’s antibodies attack the donated rbc, agglutination will occur.

Neutrophils are a white blood cell (whose nucleus stains with dyes of neutral pH).

Hematocrit is a blood test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in your blood volume. It's also known as packed cell volume (PCV). Normal hematocrit levels vary by age and sex, but for adults, the normal range is generally 40-50 percent for males and 36-44 percent for females.

Red blood cells are smaller and lack a nucleus. White blood cells are larger and have a nucleus.

Type A means having the A antigen on the rbc (and having anti-B agglutinins in the plasma).

Leucocytes (white blood cells) include NK (natural killer), T and B lymphocytes and macrophages and microphages.

Plasma proteins are a vital component of blood plasma, with key functions including transport, immune response, and blood clotting. They are primarily produced by the liver, with some immunoglobulins being produced by lymphoid tissue. The major plasma proteins include albumin, globulins (alpha, beta, and gamma), and fibrinogen.

Erythrocytes are red blood cells. White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, are the body's defense against infections and diseases. There are five main types of white blood cells, each with a specific role in the immune system: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.

“Bpositive”, means having the B antigen on rbc and being positive (i.e. having) the D antigen on the rbc as well.

Carrying oxygen is NOT a function of plasma proteins. Hemoglobin carries oxygen.

The liver and the spleen remove old and damaged red blood cells from circulation.

A person with Type A blood can safely receive blood from a person with Type O (and also Type A).

Red blood cells do not have a nucleus.

Fibrin is a monomer that polymerises to form a “soft clot”, then crosslinking between fibrin produces a stable, web-like “hard clot”.

Lymphocyte is associated with specific immunity.

Erythrocytes are another name for red blood cells.

Basophils are the white blood cells responsible for releasing histamine and heparin. They also play a role in inflammation and allergic reactions.

Factor X is a plasma protein produced by the liver. In the extrinsic pathway, factor III combines with factor VII to form an “enzyme complex” that activates Factor X.

Pernicious anemia is a dietary anemia. It is normally caused by a lack of Vitamin B-12.

Vit K is needed for the liver to produce prothrombin (inactive thrombin). Plasmin destroys fibrin.

Red blood cells have biconcave disks.

The clotting (coagulation phase) has these two pathways.

Polycythemia is an elevated red blood cell count. This causes the blood to become to thick and unable to flow adequately.

Neutrophils are microphages that’s phagocytes of bacteria. Thrombocytes and erythrocytes are not wbc.

The white blood cell type that primarily fights parasitic infections and helps decrease allergic reactions is the eosinophil. Eosinophils are a type of granulocyte, and they are known for their role in parasitic infections and allergic responses.

Plasma consists of 90-92 percent of water.

Hemoglobin is the iron-containing molecule within erythrocytes that binds to oxygen.

Only leucocytes possess a nucleus from which DNA may be sampled. Erythrocytes are anucleate.

Leukocytes or white blood cells are the formed element that fights infection, removes dead and dying cells and destroys cancerous cells.

Plasma proteins exist in blood but not in the interstitial fluid.

All leucocytes have a nucleus and do not contain haemoglobin.

Hematopoiesis is the process of creating new blood cells in the body. It involves the formation of various blood cell types, including red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets. This process occurs primarily in the bone marrow and involves the development of hematopoietic stem cells into mature blood cells.

Thrombin acts on fibrinogen to form fibrin.

Osmolality is the number of osmoles (osmol) of solute per kilogram of solvent. (osmolarity (with an “r”) is defined as the number of osmoles of solute per litre of solution).

Plasma proteins are a vital component of blood plasma, with key functions including transport, immune response, and blood clotting. They are primarily produced by the liver, with some immunoglobulins being produced by lymphoid tissue. The major plasma proteins include albumin, globulins (alpha, beta, and gamma), and fibrinogen.

A person with Type AB blood can safely receive blood from a person with all of the choices. Type AB is considered the universal recipient since the plasma has no antibodies.

Granular lymphocytes and agranular lymphocytes are both types of white blood cells (leukocytes) that play a crucial role in the immune system. Granular lymphocytes, like natural killer (NK) cells and some T lymphocytes, contain small granules in their cytoplasm. Agranular lymphocytes, on the other hand, do not have visible granules in their cytoplasm, and include B cells and T cells. A monocyte is NOT a granular lymphocyte.

Erythropoietin is the hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells. It is secreted in response to low blood oxygen levels.

Antigens are on the surface of rbc. Antibodies (=agglutinins) circulate in the blood stream and react with (agglutinate) their appropriate antigen.

The liver produces the majority of the clotting factors; however some are produced by the platelets.

Regulates pH is NOT a defense function of the blood.

Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cell, constituting 60–70 percent of the circulating leukocytes. Lymphocyte are the second most common white blood cell (20-50 percent), and are easy to find in blood smears

White blood cells are one of the formed elements (that is, substances that are not dissolved in plasma)

A blood clot that forms and stays in an unbroken blood vessel is a thrombus.

Red blood cells live only about 120 days.

An individual with only the A antigen on the surface of their red blood cells will have A negative blood type.

An individual that has anti A and anti B antibodies lacks that A and B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells, thus are blood type O. Because they have the Rh antigen they are positive. Thus this individual is O positive.

Blood plasma is external to cells hence is an extracellular fluid. The volume of intracellular fluid (ICF) is greater than that of extracellular fluid (ECF). In a healthy adult, the ICF accounts for approximately two-thirds of the total body water, while the ECF accounts for about one-third. The ECF is further subdivided into interstitial fluid (fluid surrounding cells) and plasma (fluid within blood vessels). The composition of ICF and ECF differs with ICF containing higher concentrations of potassium, phosphate, and magnesium, while ECF has higher concentrations of sodium and chloride