GMDC MAY MOCK 1

Osteocytes are bone cells. Osteocytes regulate bone formation through a number of interacting signalling pathways. Osteocytes regulate bone resorption through controlling osteoclast activity and directly through perilacunar remodelling.

Plasma is blood without the “formed elements”

Neutrophils (also called polymorphonuclear leucocytes) constitute between 50 and 70 percent of wbc.

Factor X is a plasma protein produced by the liver. In the extrinsic pathway, factor III combines with factor VII to form an “enzyme complex” that activates Factor X.

Polycythemia is an elevated red blood cell count. This causes the blood to become to thick and unable to flow adequately.

AB is the universal recipient. It has no antibodies against A and B.

Monocytes and macrophages are both types of white blood cells, but they have distinct roles in the immune system. Monocytes are circulating white blood cells that can differentiate into macrophages, which are specialized cells found in tissues. Both play crucial roles in inflammation, immune response, and tissue homeostasis, but macrophages are primarily responsible for tissue repair and clearing cellular debris.

Thrombin acts on fibrinogen to form fibrin.

A person with blood type B has anti-A agglutinins in their plasma so cannot receive cells with the A antigen on the rbc. Hence the blood types in other choices are not suitable.

Thrombocytopenia is a low platelet count.

Lymphocyte is associated with specific immunity.

Neutrophils do have a nucleus but don’t have haemoglobin. Eosinophils are a type of wbc as are neutrophils but they are not the same.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs due to Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus. More specifically this can occur when the mother is Rh negative and the baby is Rh positive.

Erythropoietin is predominately produced by the kidneys.

The correct order of hemostasis events is vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation.

Red blood cells contain much haemoglobin which binds to oxygen to it transport to the tissues.

A person with Type A blood can safely receive blood from a person with Type O (and also Type A).

Individuals with type AB+ blood would have no anti-A, anti-B, or anti-Rh antibodies in their plasma.

Vit K is needed for the liver to produce prothrombin (inactive thrombin). Plasmin destroys fibrin.

Erythropoietin is the hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells. It is secreted in response to low blood oxygen levels.

Leukocytes or white blood cells are the formed element that fights infection, removes dead and dying cells and destroys cancerous cells.

Plasma proteins are a vital component of blood plasma, with key functions including transport, immune response, and blood clotting. They are primarily produced by the liver, with some immunoglobulins being produced by lymphoid tissue. The major plasma proteins include albumin, globulins (alpha, beta, and gamma), and fibrinogen.

Red blood cells live only about 120 days.

The liver and the spleen remove old and damaged red blood cells from circulation.

Serum is made of blood plasma without fibrinogen and prothrombin.

Plasma consists of 90-92 percent of water.

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone primarily produced by the kidneys that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells.

Leucocytes (white blood cells) include NK (natural killer), T and B lymphocytes and macrophages and microphages.

Red blood cells do not have a nucleus.

Basophils are the white blood cells responsible for releasing histamine and heparin. They also play a role in inflammation and allergic reactions.

If the recipient’s antibodies attack the donated rbc, agglutination will occur.

Neutrophils are the most common wbc and have a large multilobed nucleus.

Erythrocytes are another name for red blood cells.

Carrying oxygen is NOT a function of plasma proteins. Hemoglobin carries oxygen.

Neutrophils are microphages that’s phagocytes of bacteria. Thrombocytes and erythrocytes are not wbc.

The main component of erythrocytes is hemoglobin.

About one third of the mass of a rbc is haemoglobin.Other choices are plasma proteins and are not in rbc.

The three types of formed elements are erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.

Plasma proteins exist in blood but not in the interstitial fluid.

Rh factor, Rh positive and Rh negative refer to the D antigen only. If the antigen is present on your rbc, you are called Rh-positive (you have the Rh factor).

A person with Type O blood can safely receive blood from a person with Type O.

Calcium is the mineral essential for blood coagulation. It plays a crucial role in the activation of clotting factors, which are necessary for forming a blood clot to stop bleeding. Calcium ions are required for the proper functioning of the clotting cascade, a series of reactions that lead to the formation of a stable blood clot.

Megakaryocytes break up into fragments called platelets.

Uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells is called leukemia.

Hemoglobin is the iron-containing molecule within erythrocytes that binds to oxygen.

The primary blood cell involved in blood clotting is the platelet (also called a thrombocyte). Platelets are small

“Bpositive”, means having the B antigen on rbc and being positive (i.e. having) the D antigen on the rbc as well.

The white blood cell type that primarily fights parasitic infections and helps decrease allergic reactions is the eosinophil. Eosinophils are a type of granulocyte, and they are known for their role in parasitic infections and allergic responses.

rbc are erythrocytes (erythroid means red)

Less than 1 percent of wbc are basophils. Neutrophils are the most common. Thrombocytes are not wbc

Plasma proteins exist in the plasma but not in the interstitial fluid. Hence their osmotic influence draws water into the blood. Haemoglobin which is not a “plasma protein” transports oxygen.

Hematopoiesis is the process of creating new blood cells in the body. It involves the formation of various blood cell types, including red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets. This process occurs primarily in the bone marrow and involves the development of hematopoietic stem cells into mature blood cells.

Type A means having the A antigen on the rbc (and having anti-B agglutinins in the plasma).

Only leucocytes possess a nucleus from which DNA may be sampled. Erythrocytes are anucleate.

The majority of plasma proteins are synthesized and secreted by the liver. Specifically, it produces proteins like albumin, which is crucial for maintaining osmotic pressure and transporting various substances. While the liver is the primary producer, B-lymphocytes also contribute by creating immunoglobulins (antibodies).

Plasma is the liquid portion of blood.

Platelets start the process of blood clotting.

Granular lymphocytes and agranular lymphocytes are both types of white blood cells (leukocytes) that play a crucial role in the immune system. Granular lymphocytes, like natural killer (NK) cells and some T lymphocytes, contain small granules in their cytoplasm. Agranular lymphocytes, on the other hand, do not have visible granules in their cytoplasm, and include B cells and T cells. A monocyte is NOT a granular lymphocyte.

Hematocrit is a blood test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in your blood volume. It's also known as packed cell volume (PCV). Normal hematocrit levels vary by age and sex, but for adults, the normal range is generally 40-50 percent for males and 36-44 percent for females.

Plasma proteins are responsible for colloid osmotic pressure. Serum does not include clotting factors – since fibrinogen is a clotting factor and a plasma protein, the other choice is incorrect.

Hemorrhagic bleeding disorders can result from a deficiency of vitamin K. Specifically, vitamin K deficiency leads to a decrease in the production of certain clotting factors, which are essential for blood clotting. This can result in increased bleeding and bruising. In newborns, this deficiency can manifest as "hemorrhagic disease of the newborn," also known as Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB).

A person with Type AB blood can safely receive blood from a person with all of the choices. Type AB is considered the universal recipient since the plasma has no antibodies.

Type A blood means that the A antigen is on the red blood cells. They also have antibody B (= agglutinin B) in their plasma. An agglutinogen is an antigen that stimulates production of agglutinin, hence antigen A is also known as agglutinogen A

An individual that has anti A and anti B antibodies lacks that A and B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells, thus are blood type O. Because they have the Rh antigen they are positive. Thus this individual is O positive.

Clumping of red blood cells is called agglutination.

Pernicious anemia is a dietary anemia. It is normally caused by a lack of Vitamin B-12.

The liver produces the majority of the clotting factors; however some are produced by the platelets.

Plasma proteins are a vital component of blood plasma, with key functions including transport, immune response, and blood clotting. They are primarily produced by the liver, with some immunoglobulins being produced by lymphoid tissue. The major plasma proteins include albumin, globulins (alpha, beta, and gamma), and fibrinogen.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that plays a crucial role in the immune system, helping the body fight off infections and diseases. They are produced in the bone marrow and circulate throughout the body in blood and lymphatic tissues. Lymphocytes are broadly categorized into B cells and T cells, each with distinct functions in immune defense.

About 58 percent of plasma proteins are albumins. Haemoglobin is a protein but it is contained within the rbc.

Red blood cells have biconcave disks.

The three classes of plasma proteins are albumins, fibrinogen and globulins.

Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are tiny, disc-shaped cell fragments in your blood that play a crucial role in preventing bleeding. They are produced in the bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream, ready to respond to injuries. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets are activated and clump together to form a clot, effectively stopping the bleeding. All the above contribute to coagulation. Platelets do not release phospholipids and hence incorrect.

Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin.

People with ABpositive blood do not have agglutinins (antibodies) against A, B, or D in their plasma. Hence can receive any blood without causing the rbc in the donated blood to clump

Red blood cells that have neither type A nor B antigens are type O blood cells.

Hematocrit is a blood test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in your blood volume. It's also known as packed cell volume (PCV). Normal hematocrit levels vary by age and sex, but for adults, the normal range is generally 40-50 percent for males and 36-44 percent for females.

A group of inherited clotting disorders called hemophilias are due to a deficiency of clotting factors. Hemophilia is a genetic bleeding disorder where blood clots do not form properly due to a lack or dysfunction of specific clotting factors. This can lead to excessive or prolonged bleeding after an injury, spontaneous bleeding, and an increased risk of bleeding into joints or the brain.

Regulates pH is NOT a defense function of the blood.

Neutrophils are a white blood cell (whose nucleus stains with dyes of neutral pH).

All leucocytes have a nucleus and do not contain haemoglobin.

The clotting (coagulation phase) has these two pathways.

Plasma proteins (also called "colloids") produce colloid osmotic pressure. There should be no proteins in the interstitial fluid.

Neutrophils are the white blood cells that are typically the first to respond to an infection. They are part of the body's innate immune system and are the most abundant type of white blood cell, often described as the first line of defense against infection

Erythrocytes are red blood cells. White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, are the body's defense against infections and diseases. There are five main types of white blood cells, each with a specific role in the immune system: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.

Prothombinase is the enzyme that converts prothrombin to thrombin (it does not come from platelets).

Blood plasma is external to cells hence is an extracellular fluid. The volume of intracellular fluid (ICF) is greater than that of extracellular fluid (ECF). In a healthy adult, the ICF accounts for approximately two-thirds of the total body water, while the ECF accounts for about one-third. The ECF is further subdivided into interstitial fluid (fluid surrounding cells) and plasma (fluid within blood vessels). The composition of ICF and ECF differs with ICF containing higher concentrations of potassium, phosphate, and magnesium, while ECF has higher concentrations of sodium and chloride

Red blood cells are smaller and lack a nucleus. White blood cells are larger and have a nucleus.

A blood clot that forms and stays in an unbroken blood vessel is a thrombus.

Antigens are on the surface of rbc. Antibodies (=agglutinins) circulate in the blood stream and react with (agglutinate) their appropriate antigen.

An individual with only the A antigen on the surface of their red blood cells will have A negative blood type.

The formed elements (blood cells and platelets) are produced continuously in the red bone marrow.

Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells.

“Leuko-” refers to wbc; “-penia” refers to abnormally low, or lack of.

Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cell, constituting 60–70 percent of the circulating leukocytes. Lymphocyte are the second most common white blood cell (20-50 percent), and are easy to find in blood smears

Fibrin is a monomer that polymerises to form a “soft clot”, then crosslinking between fibrin produces a stable, web-like “hard clot”.

The second step is the formation of thrombin from prothrombin (first step is formation of prothrombinase (=prothrombin activator)).

Blood group A is named for having the A antigen on the rbc.

Osmolality is the number of osmoles (osmol) of solute per kilogram of solvent. (osmolarity (with an “r”) is defined as the number of osmoles of solute per litre of solution).

White blood cells are one of the formed elements (that is, substances that are not dissolved in plasma)