GMDC MAY MOCK 2

Exposed bone ? likely bone infection ? imaging needed.

Poor peripheral circulation due to vascular disease reduces oxygen and nutrient supply impeding wound healing.

The brain is highly dependent on glucose and can suffer irreversible damage.

Red blood cells that have neither type A nor B antigens are type O blood cells.

Exposure to maternal hyperglycemia causes excess fetal insulin ? postnatal hypoglycemia.

Early and frequent feeds stabilize blood glucose.

The liver produces the majority of the clotting factors; however some are produced by the platelets.

Asymptomatic infants can be managed with feeding and monitored.

Offloading pressure and proper wound care are crucial to allow the ulcer to heal.

Immediate treatment of neonatal hypoglycemia prevents complications.

Postoperative infection is a common complication after ulcer debridement.

The correct order of hemostasis events is vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation.

Small, deep ulcers without infection can often be managed with offloading, good wound care, and close monitoring.

SGA babies have limited energy reserves.

Breastfeeding reduces long-term diabetes risk for both mother and child.

Weight loss and physical activity can prevent or delay T2DM.

Insulin is safest as it doesn’t reach the fetus.

Postpartum OGTT confirms resolution or persistence of glucose intolerance.

Detecting inappropriately high insulin confirms hyperinsulinism.

Uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells is called leukemia.

Rule out Somogyi effect (rebound hyperglycemia).

MODY is a monogenic inherited form of diabetes in young people.

Metformin is used cautiously; most evidence supports its safety in GDM.

Autonomic dysfunction impairs BP regulation.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy increases oxygen supply to ischemic tissues promoting healing in certain cases.

The primary goal is to control the infection with the appropriate antibiotic therapy to prevent further complications.

Rapidly spreading infection or necrosis requires urgent surgical intervention to prevent systemic complications.

To reduce risk of shoulder dystocia elective C-section is recommended.

Screening is usually done at 24–28 weeks when insulin resistance rises.

LADA is autoimmune diabetes presenting in adults, often mistaken for T2DM.

Acarbose inhibits alpha-glucosidase in the gut.

Distal symmetric neuropathy is common in diabetes.

Apnea, seizures, and poor tone are suggestive symptoms.

Brain development is glucose-dependent; prolonged hypoglycemia causes deficits.

Preterm babies have low glycogen and immature regulatory mechanisms.

High-risk women (e.g. prior GDM) are screened at the first visit.

Heavy proteinuria in longstanding DM suggests late nephropathy.

Adjust GIR before considering insulin in neonates.

Very high glucose, normal pH, no ketones ? HHS.

Calcium is the mineral essential for blood coagulation. It plays a crucial role in the activation of clotting factors, which are necessary for forming a blood clot to stop bleeding. Calcium ions are required for the proper functioning of the clotting cascade, a series of reactions that lead to the formation of a stable blood clot.

Hyperglycemia causes fetal hyperinsulinemia and excessive growth.

Poor glycemic control is a significant barrier to wound healing by impairing collagen synthesis and immune response.

hPL increases insulin resistance in maternal tissues.

These agents reduce cardiovascular events.

GDM without complications typically warrants delivery by 40 weeks.

A persistent low reading after bolus needs continuous glucose infusion.

GDM increases the risk of hypertension and preeclampsia.

AB is the universal recipient. It has no antibodies against A and B.

Persistent hypoglycemia suggests hyperinsulinemia.

Fetal macrosomia and excess amniotic fluid are signs of maternal hyperglycemia.

Symptomatic hypoglycemia with glucose <40 mg/dL requires IV bolus.

Preeclampsia and GDM at term warrant delivery to reduce maternal and fetal risk.

Lower EFW and glucose control favor vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC).

Surgical intervention is indicated when a diabetic foot ulcer does not respond to conservative treatments such as dressings and antibiotics.

GSDs impair glycogen breakdown causing hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.

Systemic antibiotics are needed for infection and wound care is necessary for optimal healing.

Amputation should be performed when gangrene is extensive and unresponsive to conservative treatments to prevent further complications.

Diet and exercise may even reverse early T2DM.

Kussmaul breathing and ketone breath = DKA.

Oligohydramnios is less common; GDM is more associated with polyhydramnios.

A blood clot that forms and stays in an unbroken blood vessel is a thrombus.

Thrombin acts on fibrinogen to form fibrin.

A group of inherited clotting disorders called hemophilias are due to a deficiency of clotting factors. Hemophilia is a genetic bleeding disorder where blood clots do not form properly due to a lack or dysfunction of specific clotting factors. This can lead to excessive or prolonged bleeding after an injury, spontaneous bleeding, and an increased risk of bleeding into joints or the brain.

Post-operative care focuses on preventing infection and ensuring appropriate antibiotic therapy.

Type 1 DM ? needs insulin urgently.

GDM is a major risk factor for type 2 DM; recheck early.

Looser targets acceptable in elderly; avoid hypoglycemia.

Regular screening helps catch early development of type 2 diabetes.

Megakaryocytes break up into fragments called platelets.

Treat low glucose immediately in symptomatic cases.

Proper footwear and regular foot inspections can help prevent recurrent ulcers by reducing trauma and pressure.

Thrombocytopenia is a low platelet count.

Clumping of red blood cells is called agglutination.

Good glucose control prevents complications like macrosomia and preeclampsia.

Tight blood glucose control helps prevent the development of neuropathy and vascular disease which contribute to foot complications.

Monocytes and macrophages are both types of white blood cells, but they have distinct roles in the immune system. Monocytes are circulating white blood cells that can differentiate into macrophages, which are specialized cells found in tissues. Both play crucial roles in inflammation, immune response, and tissue homeostasis, but macrophages are primarily responsible for tissue repair and clearing cellular debris.

Fetal insulin suppresses glucose levels after birth leading to hypoglycemia.

ACEi/ARBs reduce intraglomerular pressure and proteinuria.

Below-knee amputation is typically performed when gangrene and necrosis are extensive and non-responsive to other interventions.

Extensive tissue necrosis with gangrene that is unresponsive to conservative management often requires early amputation.

Adjunct therapies are needed in persistent/refractory cases.

Total contact casts offload pressure from the ulcer and help promote healing by redistributing pressure on the foot.

Individuals with type AB+ blood would have no anti-A, anti-B, or anti-Rh antibodies in their plasma.

Hemorrhagic bleeding disorders can result from a deficiency of vitamin K. Specifically, vitamin K deficiency leads to a decrease in the production of certain clotting factors, which are essential for blood clotting. This can result in increased bleeding and bruising. In newborns, this deficiency can manifest as "hemorrhagic disease of the newborn," also known as Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB).

Macrosomia increases the risk of difficult labor and shoulder dystocia.

Insulin inhibits ketogenesis; low glucose with no ketones is a hallmark.

Maternal glucose crosses; fetal pancreas responds by increasing insulin ? macrosomia.

If the ulcer does not heal despite conservative management surgical debridement or closure may be necessary.

A person with Type A blood can safely receive blood from a person with Type O (and also Type A).

Platelets start the process of blood clotting.

Regular foot inspections help catch injuries early reducing the risk of serious complications.

Glucose levels are measured in blood ideally plasma or serum.

Fragile vessels bleed in advanced retinopathy.

Hypopituitarism can present with hypoglycemia, genital anomalies, and cholestasis

Symptomatic neonates with glucose <45 mg/dL need urgent IV glucose.

Chronic hypoglycemia warrants investigation of metabolic or hormonal causes.

Skin grafting is often used to close non-healing foot ulcers especially after adequate debridement and preparation.

Serum is made of blood plasma without fibrinogen and prothrombin.

Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin.

Treat suspected hypoglycemia immediately with glucose.