June Weekly Quiz

The liver produces clotting factors; a prolonged INR reflects reduced synthesis.

Complete heart block requires pacing due to risk of sudden cardiac death.

Atypical pneumonia presents with a dry cough, headache, and myalgia.

Atropine is the first-line drug in symptomatic bradycardia to increase heart rate.

ACA supplies the medial portion of the frontal lobe (leg area of motor cortex).

Altered mental status reflects hepatic encephalopathy.

Acute pancreatitis affects the pancreas, not the liver.

Hypothyroidism is not a significant stroke or TIA risk factor.

Asterixis is a flapping tremor indicating metabolic encephalopathy.

TIA is a transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by ischemia, without infarction.

Estrogen buildup due to liver dysfunction causes vascular changes.

Most TIAs are caused by emboli from atherosclerotic plaques in large arteries.

Alcoholic liver disease typically shows small uniform nodules.

Secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza is often due to S. aureus.

Virchow’s triad includes stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability.

Typical pathogens include S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis.

Damage to the occipital cortex or optic tract causes homonymous hemianopia.

Symptoms resolve within 24 hours, usually within minutes to hours.

Thrombus triggers local inflammation causing pain and tenderness.

Both anti-HBc and anti-HBs show natural immunity after resolved infection.

A hiatal hernia compromises the LES’s function, allowing acid to reflux into the esophagus.

Strokes in the vertebrobasilar system affect the brainstem and cerebellum.

DVT classically presents with unilateral leg swelling.

Tracheostomy and prolonged hospital stay predispose to Pseudomonas.

Increased hydrostatic pressure and low oncotic pressure promote fluid accumulation.

Klebsiella is associated with aspiration and produces “currant jelly” sputum.

HAP develops ≥48 hours after admission, unrelated to initial infection.

Subdural hematoma is not an ischemic process and doesn’t cause TIA.

Venous stasis is a major factor in Virchow’s triad for thrombosis.

Effective esophageal clearance reduces acid exposure time.

Neurological deficits impair swallowing, leading to aspiration.

Obesity increases intra-abdominal pressure, promoting reflux.

AF shows chaotic atrial activity and variable ventricular response.

Ascitic fluid compresses the stomach, limiting meal size.

Long flights can lead to stasis and DVT, increasing PE risk.

Encephalopathy reflects advanced liver dysfunction.

About 85% of strokes are ischemic, resulting from obstruction of blood flow.

Mycoplasma causes “walking pneumonia” in young adults.

Bruising is not a typical DVT sign; it suggests bleeding.

Most emboli originate from deep veins in the lower limbs (DVT).

Adenosine transiently blocks AV node and terminates AVNRT.

Smoking reduces LES tone and saliva production, increasing acid exposure.

Elevated progesterone during pregnancy relaxes the LES and delays gastric emptying.

Atrial fibrillation increases risk of thromboembolism to the brain.

Liver failure reduces estrogen breakdown, causing feminization.

PFO allows paradoxical emboli to bypass the lungs and reach the brain.

Pseudomonas and other gram-negative organisms are common in HAP.

Chronic venous stasis may cause darkening due to hemosiderin deposition.

HBsAg is the earliest marker of acute infection.

Cirrhosis involves irreversible replacement of hepatocytes with fibrous tissue.

Homan’s sign (pain on dorsiflexion) is unreliable for diagnosis.

MAT is a chaotic atrial rhythm commonly triggered by hypoxia in COPD.

Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor.

Wilson’s disease is an autosomal recessive condition causing copper buildup.

Iron overload from hemochromatosis causes liver damage and high ferritin levels.

Anti-HBs presence indicates immunity due to past infection or vaccination.

Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor for stroke.

Anti-HBc IgM is the only marker during the window phase.

Due to portal hypertension, abdominal wall veins become engorged.

Milk may initially soothe symptoms, though fat content in some milk products can still worsen reflux.

NSAIDs can irritate the esophageal lining and contribute to reflux symptoms.

TIA increases risk of future stroke, especially within 48 hours.

Alcohol decreases LES pressure and promotes acid reflux.

Fibrosis increases resistance to portal blood flow, leading to portal hypertension.

Mobitz I (Wenckebach) shows grouped beating with progressively longer PR intervals.

Chronicity is confirmed if HBsAg persists for more than 6 months.

Persistence of HBsAg beyond 6 months defines chronic hepatitis B.

Increased vagal tone is the most common benign cause of sinus bradycardia, especially in athletes.

Sinus arrest is a prolonged pause with no P waves or associated QRS.

Stellate cells produce collagen when activated in chronic liver injury.

GERD is common in middle-aged adults due to lifestyle and anatomical changes.

Delta waves signify pre-excitation through an accessory pathway.

Classic atrial flutter has a sawtooth pattern with ~300 bpm atrial rate.

Broca’s area (left inferior frontal gyrus) controls speech production.

Perinatal transmission is common in high-prevalence areas.

GERD occurs due to decreased tone or inappropriate relaxation of the LES.

Atrial fibrillation can cause thrombi in the atria, which may embolize to the brain.

Major orthopedic surgeries like hip and knee replacement are high risk for DVT/PE.

It is a severe, limb-threatening form of DVT with cyanosis and ischemia.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage results from bleeding into the subarachnoid space.

Pancreatic and gastric cancers are highly thrombogenic.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of CAP globally.

Biliary atresia is the leading cause of pediatric liver transplantation.

Smoking contributes to hypercoagulability and endothelial dysfunction.

Unilateral swelling after immobilization is suspicious for DVT.

TIAs are more common in middle-aged and elderly adults.

Lacunar strokes affect small, deep penetrating vessels and often occur in the basal ganglia, pons, or internal capsule.

The risk of PE is highest immediately postpartum due to hormonal and hemodynamic changes.

HBeAg is associated with high infectivity and active replication.

Tenofovir is safe in pregnancy and reduces vertical transmission.

May-Thurner syndrome causes left iliac vein compression, increasing DVT risk.

Jaundice reflects impaired bilirubin metabolism in liver failure.

Factor V Leiden is a common genetic cause of hypercoagulability.

Estrogen-containing medications increase coagulability, predisposing to PE.

Verapamil slows AV conduction, worsening pre-excited AF and risking VF.

Hepatitis C is the most common cause globally, though alcohol and NAFLD are leading in many regions.

TIA resolves without infarction, typically within minutes to hours.

GERD occurs due to decreased tone or inappropriate relaxation of the LES.

Swelling is the most consistent symptom in DVT.

Hemoptysis is a symptom of PE, not DVT directly.