June Weekly Quiz

Neurological deficits impair swallowing, leading to aspiration.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage results from bleeding into the subarachnoid space.

TIA is a transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by ischemia, without infarction.

Hemoptysis is a symptom of PE, not DVT directly.

Secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza is often due to S. aureus.

Stellate cells produce collagen when activated in chronic liver injury.

Strokes in the vertebrobasilar system affect the brainstem and cerebellum.

Verapamil slows AV conduction, worsening pre-excited AF and risking VF.

Thrombus triggers local inflammation causing pain and tenderness.

About 85% of strokes are ischemic, resulting from obstruction of blood flow.

Alcoholic liver disease typically shows small uniform nodules.

TIA increases risk of future stroke, especially within 48 hours.

The risk of PE is highest immediately postpartum due to hormonal and hemodynamic changes.

Subdural hematoma is not an ischemic process and doesn’t cause TIA.

Venous stasis is a major factor in Virchow’s triad for thrombosis.

The liver produces clotting factors; a prolonged INR reflects reduced synthesis.

Mycoplasma causes “walking pneumonia” in young adults.

Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor.

Fibrosis increases resistance to portal blood flow, leading to portal hypertension.

Classic atrial flutter has a sawtooth pattern with ~300 bpm atrial rate.

ACA supplies the medial portion of the frontal lobe (leg area of motor cortex).

Bruising is not a typical DVT sign; it suggests bleeding.

It is a severe, limb-threatening form of DVT with cyanosis and ischemia.

Homan’s sign (pain on dorsiflexion) is unreliable for diagnosis.

Symptoms resolve within 24 hours, usually within minutes to hours.

Chronicity is confirmed if HBsAg persists for more than 6 months.

HBsAg is the earliest marker of acute infection.

Hepatitis C is the most common cause globally, though alcohol and NAFLD are leading in many regions.

Acute pancreatitis affects the pancreas, not the liver.

Increased vagal tone is the most common benign cause of sinus bradycardia, especially in athletes.

Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor for stroke.

Jaundice reflects impaired bilirubin metabolism in liver failure.

A hiatal hernia compromises the LES’s function, allowing acid to reflux into the esophagus.

Typical pathogens include S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis.

Liver failure reduces estrogen breakdown, causing feminization.

Elevated progesterone during pregnancy relaxes the LES and delays gastric emptying.

Perinatal transmission is common in high-prevalence areas.

HBeAg is associated with high infectivity and active replication.

MAT is a chaotic atrial rhythm commonly triggered by hypoxia in COPD.

Cirrhosis involves irreversible replacement of hepatocytes with fibrous tissue.

Due to portal hypertension, abdominal wall veins become engorged.

Milk may initially soothe symptoms, though fat content in some milk products can still worsen reflux.

Sinus arrest is a prolonged pause with no P waves or associated QRS.

Ascitic fluid compresses the stomach, limiting meal size.

Alcohol decreases LES pressure and promotes acid reflux.

Factor V Leiden is a common genetic cause of hypercoagulability.

Atrial fibrillation can cause thrombi in the atria, which may embolize to the brain.

Most TIAs are caused by emboli from atherosclerotic plaques in large arteries.

Pancreatic and gastric cancers are highly thrombogenic.

Damage to the occipital cortex or optic tract causes homonymous hemianopia.

Adenosine transiently blocks AV node and terminates AVNRT.

Mobitz I (Wenckebach) shows grouped beating with progressively longer PR intervals.

Wilson’s disease is an autosomal recessive condition causing copper buildup.

Iron overload from hemochromatosis causes liver damage and high ferritin levels.

Increased hydrostatic pressure and low oncotic pressure promote fluid accumulation.

NSAIDs can irritate the esophageal lining and contribute to reflux symptoms.

Unilateral swelling after immobilization is suspicious for DVT.

Smoking contributes to hypercoagulability and endothelial dysfunction.

Delta waves signify pre-excitation through an accessory pathway.

GERD occurs due to decreased tone or inappropriate relaxation of the LES.

TIAs are more common in middle-aged and elderly adults.

Atropine is the first-line drug in symptomatic bradycardia to increase heart rate.

Estrogen-containing medications increase coagulability, predisposing to PE.

Persistence of HBsAg beyond 6 months defines chronic hepatitis B.

GERD is common in middle-aged adults due to lifestyle and anatomical changes.

Both anti-HBc and anti-HBs show natural immunity after resolved infection.

Tracheostomy and prolonged hospital stay predispose to Pseudomonas.

Broca’s area (left inferior frontal gyrus) controls speech production.

Obesity increases intra-abdominal pressure, promoting reflux.

Smoking reduces LES tone and saliva production, increasing acid exposure.

DVT classically presents with unilateral leg swelling.

TIA resolves without infarction, typically within minutes to hours.

HAP develops ≥48 hours after admission, unrelated to initial infection.

AF shows chaotic atrial activity and variable ventricular response.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of CAP globally.

Encephalopathy reflects advanced liver dysfunction.

Anti-HBs presence indicates immunity due to past infection or vaccination.

Pseudomonas and other gram-negative organisms are common in HAP.

Lacunar strokes affect small, deep penetrating vessels and often occur in the basal ganglia, pons, or internal capsule.

Klebsiella is associated with aspiration and produces “currant jelly” sputum.

Long flights can lead to stasis and DVT, increasing PE risk.

Swelling is the most consistent symptom in DVT.

Atrial fibrillation increases risk of thromboembolism to the brain.

PFO allows paradoxical emboli to bypass the lungs and reach the brain.

Major orthopedic surgeries like hip and knee replacement are high risk for DVT/PE.

Virchow’s triad includes stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability.

Chronic venous stasis may cause darkening due to hemosiderin deposition.

Effective esophageal clearance reduces acid exposure time.

Altered mental status reflects hepatic encephalopathy.

GERD occurs due to decreased tone or inappropriate relaxation of the LES.

Tenofovir is safe in pregnancy and reduces vertical transmission.

Biliary atresia is the leading cause of pediatric liver transplantation.

Complete heart block requires pacing due to risk of sudden cardiac death.

May-Thurner syndrome causes left iliac vein compression, increasing DVT risk.

Most emboli originate from deep veins in the lower limbs (DVT).

Hypothyroidism is not a significant stroke or TIA risk factor.

Asterixis is a flapping tremor indicating metabolic encephalopathy.

Estrogen buildup due to liver dysfunction causes vascular changes.

Anti-HBc IgM is the only marker during the window phase.

Atypical pneumonia presents with a dry cough, headache, and myalgia.