June Weekly Quiz

Pancreatic and gastric cancers are highly thrombogenic.

HAP develops ≥48 hours after admission, unrelated to initial infection.

Homan’s sign (pain on dorsiflexion) is unreliable for diagnosis.

Bruising is not a typical DVT sign; it suggests bleeding.

Cirrhosis involves irreversible replacement of hepatocytes with fibrous tissue.

Delta waves signify pre-excitation through an accessory pathway.

TIAs are more common in middle-aged and elderly adults.

AF shows chaotic atrial activity and variable ventricular response.

Most emboli originate from deep veins in the lower limbs (DVT).

Tenofovir is safe in pregnancy and reduces vertical transmission.

It is a severe, limb-threatening form of DVT with cyanosis and ischemia.

Neurological deficits impair swallowing, leading to aspiration.

Adenosine transiently blocks AV node and terminates AVNRT.

MAT is a chaotic atrial rhythm commonly triggered by hypoxia in COPD.

Factor V Leiden is a common genetic cause of hypercoagulability.

Obesity increases intra-abdominal pressure, promoting reflux.

Classic atrial flutter has a sawtooth pattern with ~300 bpm atrial rate.

Hepatitis C is the most common cause globally, though alcohol and NAFLD are leading in many regions.

Jaundice reflects impaired bilirubin metabolism in liver failure.

Lacunar strokes affect small, deep penetrating vessels and often occur in the basal ganglia, pons, or internal capsule.

About 85% of strokes are ischemic, resulting from obstruction of blood flow.

Typical pathogens include S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis.

Elevated progesterone during pregnancy relaxes the LES and delays gastric emptying.

Alcohol decreases LES pressure and promotes acid reflux.

Estrogen-containing medications increase coagulability, predisposing to PE.

The liver produces clotting factors; a prolonged INR reflects reduced synthesis.

Atropine is the first-line drug in symptomatic bradycardia to increase heart rate.

Long flights can lead to stasis and DVT, increasing PE risk.

Sinus arrest is a prolonged pause with no P waves or associated QRS.

A hiatal hernia compromises the LES’s function, allowing acid to reflux into the esophagus.

Tracheostomy and prolonged hospital stay predispose to Pseudomonas.

Due to portal hypertension, abdominal wall veins become engorged.

Estrogen buildup due to liver dysfunction causes vascular changes.

Most TIAs are caused by emboli from atherosclerotic plaques in large arteries.

NSAIDs can irritate the esophageal lining and contribute to reflux symptoms.

Both anti-HBc and anti-HBs show natural immunity after resolved infection.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage results from bleeding into the subarachnoid space.

Wilson’s disease is an autosomal recessive condition causing copper buildup.

TIA resolves without infarction, typically within minutes to hours.

Atrial fibrillation can cause thrombi in the atria, which may embolize to the brain.

Anti-HBs presence indicates immunity due to past infection or vaccination.

Alcoholic liver disease typically shows small uniform nodules.

Subdural hematoma is not an ischemic process and doesn’t cause TIA.

Pseudomonas and other gram-negative organisms are common in HAP.

Hemoptysis is a symptom of PE, not DVT directly.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of CAP globally.

GERD occurs due to decreased tone or inappropriate relaxation of the LES.

Anti-HBc IgM is the only marker during the window phase.

Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor.

Symptoms resolve within 24 hours, usually within minutes to hours.

Persistence of HBsAg beyond 6 months defines chronic hepatitis B.

Fibrosis increases resistance to portal blood flow, leading to portal hypertension.

HBeAg is associated with high infectivity and active replication.

Milk may initially soothe symptoms, though fat content in some milk products can still worsen reflux.

Ascitic fluid compresses the stomach, limiting meal size.

Effective esophageal clearance reduces acid exposure time.

Chronicity is confirmed if HBsAg persists for more than 6 months.

Increased vagal tone is the most common benign cause of sinus bradycardia, especially in athletes.

Iron overload from hemochromatosis causes liver damage and high ferritin levels.

Thrombus triggers local inflammation causing pain and tenderness.

Mobitz I (Wenckebach) shows grouped beating with progressively longer PR intervals.

May-Thurner syndrome causes left iliac vein compression, increasing DVT risk.

Hypothyroidism is not a significant stroke or TIA risk factor.

Mycoplasma causes “walking pneumonia” in young adults.

Smoking reduces LES tone and saliva production, increasing acid exposure.

Stellate cells produce collagen when activated in chronic liver injury.

Chronic venous stasis may cause darkening due to hemosiderin deposition.

Altered mental status reflects hepatic encephalopathy.

HBsAg is the earliest marker of acute infection.

Virchow’s triad includes stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability.

Broca’s area (left inferior frontal gyrus) controls speech production.

Atrial fibrillation increases risk of thromboembolism to the brain.

Increased hydrostatic pressure and low oncotic pressure promote fluid accumulation.

GERD occurs due to decreased tone or inappropriate relaxation of the LES.

Biliary atresia is the leading cause of pediatric liver transplantation.

Perinatal transmission is common in high-prevalence areas.

Smoking contributes to hypercoagulability and endothelial dysfunction.

Klebsiella is associated with aspiration and produces “currant jelly” sputum.

Encephalopathy reflects advanced liver dysfunction.

ACA supplies the medial portion of the frontal lobe (leg area of motor cortex).

Asterixis is a flapping tremor indicating metabolic encephalopathy.

TIA is a transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by ischemia, without infarction.

Major orthopedic surgeries like hip and knee replacement are high risk for DVT/PE.

Unilateral swelling after immobilization is suspicious for DVT.

TIA increases risk of future stroke, especially within 48 hours.

Venous stasis is a major factor in Virchow’s triad for thrombosis.

Verapamil slows AV conduction, worsening pre-excited AF and risking VF.

Swelling is the most consistent symptom in DVT.

Acute pancreatitis affects the pancreas, not the liver.

Complete heart block requires pacing due to risk of sudden cardiac death.

PFO allows paradoxical emboli to bypass the lungs and reach the brain.

Secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza is often due to S. aureus.

GERD is common in middle-aged adults due to lifestyle and anatomical changes.

Liver failure reduces estrogen breakdown, causing feminization.

Strokes in the vertebrobasilar system affect the brainstem and cerebellum.

Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor for stroke.

The risk of PE is highest immediately postpartum due to hormonal and hemodynamic changes.

Damage to the occipital cortex or optic tract causes homonymous hemianopia.

DVT classically presents with unilateral leg swelling.

Atypical pneumonia presents with a dry cough, headache, and myalgia.