June Weekly Quiz

Fibrosis increases resistance to portal blood flow, leading to portal hypertension.

Mycoplasma causes “walking pneumonia” in young adults.

Typical pathogens include S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis.

The risk of PE is highest immediately postpartum due to hormonal and hemodynamic changes.

Iron overload from hemochromatosis causes liver damage and high ferritin levels.

Liver failure reduces estrogen breakdown, causing feminization.

Symptoms resolve within 24 hours, usually within minutes to hours.

Encephalopathy reflects advanced liver dysfunction.

Venous stasis is a major factor in Virchow’s triad for thrombosis.

Delta waves signify pre-excitation through an accessory pathway.

Hemoptysis is a symptom of PE, not DVT directly.

Due to portal hypertension, abdominal wall veins become engorged.

Estrogen-containing medications increase coagulability, predisposing to PE.

Adenosine transiently blocks AV node and terminates AVNRT.

TIA increases risk of future stroke, especially within 48 hours.

Biliary atresia is the leading cause of pediatric liver transplantation.

Smoking contributes to hypercoagulability and endothelial dysfunction.

ACA supplies the medial portion of the frontal lobe (leg area of motor cortex).

GERD occurs due to decreased tone or inappropriate relaxation of the LES.

Wilson’s disease is an autosomal recessive condition causing copper buildup.

Subdural hematoma is not an ischemic process and doesn’t cause TIA.

Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor.

Anti-HBc IgM is the only marker during the window phase.

It is a severe, limb-threatening form of DVT with cyanosis and ischemia.

Lacunar strokes affect small, deep penetrating vessels and often occur in the basal ganglia, pons, or internal capsule.

Chronic venous stasis may cause darkening due to hemosiderin deposition.

Milk may initially soothe symptoms, though fat content in some milk products can still worsen reflux.

Most TIAs are caused by emboli from atherosclerotic plaques in large arteries.

Atropine is the first-line drug in symptomatic bradycardia to increase heart rate.

Stellate cells produce collagen when activated in chronic liver injury.

Sinus arrest is a prolonged pause with no P waves or associated QRS.

Neurological deficits impair swallowing, leading to aspiration.

Atypical pneumonia presents with a dry cough, headache, and myalgia.

NSAIDs can irritate the esophageal lining and contribute to reflux symptoms.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of CAP globally.

Estrogen buildup due to liver dysfunction causes vascular changes.

Damage to the occipital cortex or optic tract causes homonymous hemianopia.

Long flights can lead to stasis and DVT, increasing PE risk.

Jaundice reflects impaired bilirubin metabolism in liver failure.

Acute pancreatitis affects the pancreas, not the liver.

Klebsiella is associated with aspiration and produces “currant jelly” sputum.

Homan’s sign (pain on dorsiflexion) is unreliable for diagnosis.

Major orthopedic surgeries like hip and knee replacement are high risk for DVT/PE.

Pseudomonas and other gram-negative organisms are common in HAP.

Alcoholic liver disease typically shows small uniform nodules.

Classic atrial flutter has a sawtooth pattern with ~300 bpm atrial rate.

MAT is a chaotic atrial rhythm commonly triggered by hypoxia in COPD.

Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor for stroke.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage results from bleeding into the subarachnoid space.

Mobitz I (Wenckebach) shows grouped beating with progressively longer PR intervals.

A hiatal hernia compromises the LES’s function, allowing acid to reflux into the esophagus.

HBsAg is the earliest marker of acute infection.

Chronicity is confirmed if HBsAg persists for more than 6 months.

Pancreatic and gastric cancers are highly thrombogenic.

Broca’s area (left inferior frontal gyrus) controls speech production.

Alcohol decreases LES pressure and promotes acid reflux.

Strokes in the vertebrobasilar system affect the brainstem and cerebellum.

TIA is a transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by ischemia, without infarction.

Tracheostomy and prolonged hospital stay predispose to Pseudomonas.

Ascitic fluid compresses the stomach, limiting meal size.

Unilateral swelling after immobilization is suspicious for DVT.

Factor V Leiden is a common genetic cause of hypercoagulability.

Complete heart block requires pacing due to risk of sudden cardiac death.

Thrombus triggers local inflammation causing pain and tenderness.

Both anti-HBc and anti-HBs show natural immunity after resolved infection.

Anti-HBs presence indicates immunity due to past infection or vaccination.

Virchow’s triad includes stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability.

GERD occurs due to decreased tone or inappropriate relaxation of the LES.

Asterixis is a flapping tremor indicating metabolic encephalopathy.

DVT classically presents with unilateral leg swelling.

Tenofovir is safe in pregnancy and reduces vertical transmission.

TIAs are more common in middle-aged and elderly adults.

Atrial fibrillation can cause thrombi in the atria, which may embolize to the brain.

Elevated progesterone during pregnancy relaxes the LES and delays gastric emptying.

Smoking reduces LES tone and saliva production, increasing acid exposure.

TIA resolves without infarction, typically within minutes to hours.

Verapamil slows AV conduction, worsening pre-excited AF and risking VF.

Altered mental status reflects hepatic encephalopathy.

Obesity increases intra-abdominal pressure, promoting reflux.

Cirrhosis involves irreversible replacement of hepatocytes with fibrous tissue.

Increased vagal tone is the most common benign cause of sinus bradycardia, especially in athletes.

Hepatitis C is the most common cause globally, though alcohol and NAFLD are leading in many regions.

Perinatal transmission is common in high-prevalence areas.

HBeAg is associated with high infectivity and active replication.

Atrial fibrillation increases risk of thromboembolism to the brain.

Swelling is the most consistent symptom in DVT.

Increased hydrostatic pressure and low oncotic pressure promote fluid accumulation.

Most emboli originate from deep veins in the lower limbs (DVT).

HAP develops ≥48 hours after admission, unrelated to initial infection.

PFO allows paradoxical emboli to bypass the lungs and reach the brain.

The liver produces clotting factors; a prolonged INR reflects reduced synthesis.

Bruising is not a typical DVT sign; it suggests bleeding.

Secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza is often due to S. aureus.

Persistence of HBsAg beyond 6 months defines chronic hepatitis B.

GERD is common in middle-aged adults due to lifestyle and anatomical changes.

About 85% of strokes are ischemic, resulting from obstruction of blood flow.

AF shows chaotic atrial activity and variable ventricular response.

Effective esophageal clearance reduces acid exposure time.

Hypothyroidism is not a significant stroke or TIA risk factor.

May-Thurner syndrome causes left iliac vein compression, increasing DVT risk.